hwlat_detector: A system hardware latency detector

This patch introduces a new hardware latency detector module that can be used
to detect high hardware-induced latencies within the system. It was originally
written for use in the RT kernel, but has wider applications.
Signed-off-by: Jon Masters <jcm@jonmasters.org>
Acked-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>

Documentation/hwlat_detector.txt

+Introduction:
+-------------
+
+The module hwlat_detector is a special purpose kernel module that is used to
+detect large system latencies induced by the behavior of certain underlying
+hardware or firmware, independent of Linux itself. The code was developed
+originally to detect SMIs (System Management Interrupts) on x86 systems,
+however there is nothing x86 specific about this patchset. It was
+originally written for use by the "RT" patch since the Real Time
+kernel is highly latency sensitive.
+
+SMIs are usually not serviced by the Linux kernel, which typically does not
+even know that they are occuring. SMIs are instead are set up by BIOS code
+and are serviced by BIOS code, usually for "critical" events such as
+management of thermal sensors and fans. Sometimes though, SMIs are used for
+other tasks and those tasks can spend an inordinate amount of time in the
+handler (sometimes measured in milliseconds). Obviously this is a problem if
+you are trying to keep event service latencies down in the microsecond range.
+
+The hardware latency detector works by hogging all of the cpus for configurable
+amounts of time (by calling stop_machine()), polling the CPU Time Stamp Counter
+for some period, then looking for gaps in the TSC data. Any gap indicates a
+time when the polling was interrupted and since the machine is stopped and
+interrupts turned off the only thing that could do that would be an SMI.
+
+Note that the SMI detector should *NEVER* be used in a production environment.
+It is intended to be run manually to determine if the hardware platform has a
+problem with long system firmware service routines.
+
+Usage:
+------
+
+Loading the module hwlat_detector passing the parameter "enabled=1" (or by
+setting the "enable" entry in "hwlat_detector" debugfs toggled on) is the only
+step required to start the hwlat_detector. It is possible to redefine the
+threshold in microseconds (us) above which latency spikes will be taken
+into account (parameter "threshold=").
+
+Example:
+
+	# modprobe hwlat_detector enabled=1 threshold=100
+
+After the module is loaded, it creates a directory named "hwlat_detector" under
+the debugfs mountpoint, "/debug/hwlat_detector" for this text. It is necessary
+to have debugfs mounted, which might be on /sys/debug on your system.
+
+The /debug/hwlat_detector interface contains the following files:
+
+count			- number of latency spikes observed since last reset
+enable			- a global enable/disable toggle (0/1), resets count
+max			- maximum hardware latency actually observed (usecs)
+sample			- a pipe from which to read current raw sample data
+			  in the format <timestamp> <latency observed usecs>
+			  (can be opened O_NONBLOCK for a single sample)
+threshold		- minimum latency value to be considered (usecs)
+width			- time period to sample with CPUs held (usecs)
+			  must be less than the total window size (enforced)
+window			- total period of sampling, width being inside (usecs)
+
+By default we will set width to 500,000 and window to 1,000,000, meaning that
+we will sample every 1,000,000 usecs (1s) for 500,000 usecs (0.5s). If we
+observe any latencies that exceed the threshold (initially 100 usecs),
+then we write to a global sample ring buffer of 8K samples, which is
+consumed by reading from the "sample" (pipe) debugfs file interface.

MAINTAINERS

@@ -2486,6 +2486,15 @@ W:	http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/fseidel/hdaps/
 S:	Maintained
 F:	drivers/hwmon/hdaps.c
 
+HARDWARE LATENCY DETECTOR
+P:	Jon Masters
+M:	jcm@jonmasters.org
+W:	http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/jcm/hwlat_detector/
+S:	Supported
+L:	linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
+F:	Documentation/hwlat_detector.txt
+F:	drivers/misc/hwlat_detector.c
+
 HYPERVISOR VIRTUAL CONSOLE DRIVER
 L:	linuxppc-dev@ozlabs.org
 S:	Odd Fixes

drivers/misc/Kconfig

@@ -76,6 +76,34 @@ config IBM_ASM
 	  information on the specific driver level and support statement
 	  for your IBM server.
 
+config HWLAT_DETECTOR
+	tristate "Testing module to detect hardware-induced latencies"
+	depends on DEBUG_FS
+	default m
+	---help---
+	  A simple hardware latency detector. Use this module to detect
+	  large latencies introduced by the behavior of the underlying
+	  system firmware external to Linux. We do this using periodic
+	  use of stop_machine to grab all available CPUs and measure
+	  for unexplainable gaps in the CPU timestamp counter(s). By
+	  default, the module is not enabled until the "enable" file
+	  within the "hwlat_detector" debugfs directory is toggled.
+
+	  This module is often used to detect SMI (System Management
+	  Interrupts) on x86 systems, though is not x86 specific. To
+	  this end, we default to using a sample window of 1 second,
+	  during which we will sample for 0.5 seconds. If an SMI or
+	  similar event occurs during that time, it is recorded
+	  into an 8K samples global ring buffer until retreived.
+
+	  WARNING: This software should never be enabled (it can be built
+	  but should not be turned on after it is loaded) in a production
+	  environment where high latencies are a concern since the
+	  sampling mechanism actually introduces latencies for
+	  regular tasks while the CPU(s) are being held.
+
+	  If unsure, say N
+
 config PHANTOM
 	tristate "Sensable PHANToM (PCI)"
 	depends on PCI

drivers/misc/Makefile

@@ -20,5 +20,6 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_SGI_GRU)		+= sgi-gru/
 obj-$(CONFIG_HP_ILO)		+= hpilo.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_ISL29003)		+= isl29003.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_C2PORT)		+= c2port/
+obj-$(CONFIG_HWLAT_DETECTOR)	+= hwlat_detector.o
 obj-y				+= eeprom/
 obj-y				+= cb710/

drivers/misc/hwlat_detector.c

+/*
+ * hwlat_detector.c - A simple Hardware Latency detector.
+ *
+ * Use this module to detect large system latencies induced by the behavior of
+ * certain underlying system hardware or firmware, independent of Linux itself.
+ * The code was developed originally to detect the presence of SMIs on Intel
+ * and AMD systems, although there is no dependency upon x86 herein.
+ *
+ * The classical example usage of this module is in detecting the presence of
+ * SMIs or System Management Interrupts on Intel and AMD systems. An SMI is a
+ * somewhat special form of hardware interrupt spawned from earlier CPU debug
+ * modes in which the (BIOS/EFI/etc.) firmware arranges for the South Bridge
+ * LPC (or other device) to generate a special interrupt under certain
+ * circumstances, for example, upon expiration of a special SMI timer device,
+ * due to certain external thermal readings, on certain I/O address accesses,
+ * and other situations. An SMI hits a special CPU pin, triggers a special
+ * SMI mode (complete with special memory map), and the OS is unaware.
+ *
+ * Although certain hardware-inducing latencies are necessary (for example,
+ * a modern system often requires an SMI handler for correct thermal control
+ * and remote management) they can wreak havoc upon any OS-level performance
+ * guarantees toward low-latency, especially when the OS is not even made
+ * aware of the presence of these interrupts. For this reason, we need a
+ * somewhat brute force mechanism to detect these interrupts. In this case,
+ * we do it by hogging all of the CPU(s) for configurable timer intervals,
+ * sampling the built-in CPU timer, looking for discontiguous readings.
+ *
+ * WARNING: This implementation necessarily introduces latencies. Therefore,
+ *          you should NEVER use this module in a production environment
+ *          requiring any kind of low-latency performance guarantee(s).
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2008-2009 Jon Masters, Red Hat, Inc. <jcm@redhat.com>
+ *
+ * Includes useful feedback from Clark Williams <clark@redhat.com>
+ *
+ * This file is licensed under the terms of the GNU General Public
+ * License version 2. This program is licensed "as is" without any
+ * warranty of any kind, whether express or implied.
+ */
+
+#include <linux/module.h>
+#include <linux/init.h>
+#include <linux/ring_buffer.h>
+#include <linux/stop_machine.h>
+#include <linux/time.h>
+#include <linux/hrtimer.h>
+#include <linux/kthread.h>
+#include <linux/debugfs.h>
+#include <linux/seq_file.h>
+#include <linux/uaccess.h>
+#include <linux/version.h>
+
+#define BUF_SIZE_DEFAULT	262144UL		/* 8K*(sizeof(entry)) */
+#define BUF_FLAGS		(RB_FL_OVERWRITE)	/* no block on full */
+#define U64STR_SIZE		22			/* 20 digits max */
+
+#define VERSION			"1.0.0"
+#define BANNER			"hwlat_detector: "
+#define DRVNAME			"hwlat_detector"
+#define DEFAULT_SAMPLE_WINDOW	1000000			/* 1s */
+#define DEFAULT_SAMPLE_WIDTH	500000			/* 0.5s */
+#define DEFAULT_LAT_THRESHOLD	10			/* 10us */
+
+/* Module metadata */
+
+MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
+MODULE_AUTHOR("Jon Masters <jcm@redhat.com>");
+MODULE_DESCRIPTION("A simple hardware latency detector");
+MODULE_VERSION(VERSION);
+
+/* Module parameters */
+
+static int debug;
+static int enabled;
+static int threshold;
+
+module_param(debug, int, 0);			/* enable debug */
+module_param(enabled, int, 0);			/* enable detector */
+module_param(threshold, int, 0);		/* latency threshold */
+
+/* Buffering and sampling */
+
+static struct ring_buffer *ring_buffer;		/* sample buffer */
+static DEFINE_MUTEX(ring_buffer_mutex);		/* lock changes */
+static unsigned long buf_size = BUF_SIZE_DEFAULT;
+static struct task_struct *kthread;		/* sampling thread */
+
+/* DebugFS filesystem entries */
+
+static struct dentry *debug_dir;		/* debugfs directory */
+static struct dentry *debug_max;		/* maximum TSC delta */
+static struct dentry *debug_count;		/* total detect count */
+static struct dentry *debug_sample_width;	/* sample width us */
+static struct dentry *debug_sample_window;	/* sample window us */
+static struct dentry *debug_sample;		/* raw samples us */
+static struct dentry *debug_threshold;		/* threshold us */
+static struct dentry *debug_enable;         	/* enable/disable */
+
+/* Individual samples and global state */
+
+struct sample;					/* latency sample */
+struct data;					/* Global state */
+
+/* Sampling functions */
+static int __buffer_add_sample(struct sample *sample);
+static struct sample *buffer_get_sample(struct sample *sample);
+static int get_sample(void *unused);
+
+/* Threading and state */
+static int kthread_fn(void *unused);
+static int start_kthread(void);
+static int stop_kthread(void);
+static void __reset_stats(void);
+static int init_stats(void);
+
+/* Debugfs interface */
+static ssize_t simple_data_read(struct file *filp, char __user *ubuf,
+				size_t cnt, loff_t *ppos, const u64 *entry);
+static ssize_t simple_data_write(struct file *filp, const char __user *ubuf,
+				 size_t cnt, loff_t *ppos, u64 *entry);
+static int debug_sample_fopen(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp);
+static ssize_t debug_sample_fread(struct file *filp, char __user *ubuf,
+				  size_t cnt, loff_t *ppos);
+static int debug_sample_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp);
+static int debug_enable_fopen(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp);
+static ssize_t debug_enable_fread(struct file *filp, char __user *ubuf,
+				  size_t cnt, loff_t *ppos);
+static ssize_t debug_enable_fwrite(struct file *file,
+				   const char __user *user_buffer,
+				   size_t user_size, loff_t *offset);
+
+/* Initialization functions */
+static int init_debugfs(void);
+static void free_debugfs(void);
+static int detector_init(void);
+static void detector_exit(void);
+
+/* Individual latency samples are stored here when detected and packed into
+ * the ring_buffer circular buffer, where they are overwritten when
+ * more than buf_size/sizeof(sample) samples are received. */
+struct sample {
+	u64		seqnum;		/* unique sequence */
+	u64		duration;	/* ktime delta */
+	struct timespec	timestamp;	/* wall time */
+};
+
+/* keep the global state somewhere. Mostly used under stop_machine. */
+static struct data {
+
+	struct mutex lock;		/* protect changes */
+
+	u64	count;			/* total since reset */
+	u64	max_sample;		/* max hardware latency */
+	u64	threshold;		/* sample threshold level */
+
+	u64	sample_window;		/* total sampling window (on+off) */
+	u64	sample_width;		/* active sampling portion of window */
+
+	atomic_t sample_open;		/* whether the sample file is open */
+
+	wait_queue_head_t wq;		/* waitqeue for new sample values */
+
+} data;
+
+/**
+ * __buffer_add_sample - add a new latency sample recording to the ring buffer
+ * @sample: The new latency sample value
+ *
+ * This receives a new latency sample and records it in a global ring buffer.
+ * No additional locking is used in this case - suited for stop_machine use.
+ */
+static int __buffer_add_sample(struct sample *sample)
+{
+	return ring_buffer_write(ring_buffer,
+				 sizeof(struct sample), sample);
+}
+
+/**
+ * buffer_get_sample - remove a hardware latency sample from the ring buffer
+ * @sample: Pre-allocated storage for the sample
+ *
+ * This retrieves a hardware latency sample from the global circular buffer
+ */
+static struct sample *buffer_get_sample(struct sample *sample)
+{
+	struct ring_buffer_event *e = NULL;
+	struct sample *s = NULL;
+	unsigned int cpu = 0;
+
+	if (!sample)
+		return NULL;
+
+	/* ring_buffers are per-cpu but we just want any value */
+	/* so we'll start with this cpu and try others if not */
+	/* Steven is planning to add a generic mechanism */
+	mutex_lock(&ring_buffer_mutex);
+	e = ring_buffer_consume(ring_buffer, smp_processor_id(), NULL);
+	if (!e) {
+		for_each_online_cpu(cpu) {
+			e = ring_buffer_consume(ring_buffer, cpu, NULL);
+			if (e)
+				break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (e) {
+		s = ring_buffer_event_data(e);
+		memcpy(sample, s, sizeof(struct sample));
+	} else
+		sample = NULL;
+	mutex_unlock(&ring_buffer_mutex);
+
+	return sample;
+}
+
+/**
+ * get_sample - sample the CPU TSC and look for likely hardware latencies
+ * @unused: This is not used but is a part of the stop_machine API
+ *
+ * Used to repeatedly capture the CPU TSC (or similar), looking for potential
+ * hardware-induced latency. Called under stop_machine, with data.lock held.
+ */
+static int get_sample(void *unused)
+{
+	ktime_t start, t1, t2;
+	s64 diff, total = 0;
+	u64 sample = 0;
+	int ret = 1;
+
+	start = ktime_get(); /* start timestamp */
+
+	do {
+
+		t1 = ktime_get();	/* we'll look for a discontinuity */
+		t2 = ktime_get();
+
+		total = ktime_to_us(ktime_sub(t2, start)); /* sample width */
+		diff = ktime_to_us(ktime_sub(t2, t1));     /* current diff */
+
+		/* This shouldn't happen */
+		if (diff < 0) {
+			printk(KERN_ERR BANNER "time running backwards\n");
+			goto out;
+		}
+
+		if (diff > sample)
+			sample = diff; /* only want highest value */
+
+	} while (total <= data.sample_width);
+
+	/* If we exceed the threshold value, we have found a hardware latency */
+	if (sample > data.threshold) {
+		struct sample s;
+
+		data.count++;
+		s.seqnum = data.count;
+		s.duration = sample;
+		s.timestamp = CURRENT_TIME;
+		__buffer_add_sample(&s);
+
+		/* Keep a running maximum ever recorded hardware latency */
+		if (sample > data.max_sample)
+			data.max_sample = sample;
+
+		wake_up(&data.wq); /* wake up reader(s) */
+	}
+
+	ret = 0;
+out:
+	return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+ * kthread_fn - The CPU time sampling/hardware latency detection kernel thread
+ * @unused: A required part of the kthread API.
+ *
+ * Used to periodically sample the CPU TSC via a call to get_sample. We
+ * use stop_machine, whith does (intentionally) introduce latency since we
+ * need to ensure nothing else might be running (and thus pre-empting).
+ * Obviously this should never be used in production environments.
+ *
+ * stop_machine will schedule us typically only on CPU0 which is fine for
+ * almost every real-world hardware latency situation - but we might later
+ * generalize this if we find there are any actualy systems with alternate
+ * SMI delivery or other non CPU0 hardware latencies.
+ */
+static int kthread_fn(void *unused)
+{
+	int err = 0;
+	u64 interval = 0;
+
+	while (!kthread_should_stop()) {
+
+		mutex_lock(&data.lock);
+
+		err = stop_machine(get_sample, unused, 0);
+		if (err) {
+			/* Houston, we have a problem */
+			mutex_unlock(&data.lock);
+			goto err_out;
+		}
+
+		interval = data.sample_window - data.sample_width;
+		do_div(interval, USEC_PER_MSEC); /* modifies interval value */
+
+		mutex_unlock(&data.lock);
+
+		if (msleep_interruptible(interval))
+			goto out;
+	}
+		goto out;
+err_out:
+	printk(KERN_ERR BANNER "could not call stop_machine, disabling\n");
+	enabled = 0;
+out:
+	return err;
+
+}
+
+/**
+ * start_kthread - Kick off the hardware latency sampling/detector kthread
+ *
+ * This starts a kernel thread that will sit and sample the CPU timestamp
+ * counter (TSC or similar) and look for potential hardware latencies.
+ */
+static int start_kthread(void)
+{
+	kthread = kthread_run(kthread_fn, NULL,
+					DRVNAME);
+	if (IS_ERR(kthread)) {
+		printk(KERN_ERR BANNER "could not start sampling thread\n");
+		enabled = 0;
+		return -ENOMEM;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * stop_kthread - Inform the hardware latency samping/detector kthread to stop
+ *
+ * This kicks the running hardware latency sampling/detector kernel thread and
+ * tells it to stop sampling now. Use this on unload and at system shutdown.
+ */
+static int stop_kthread(void)
+{
+	int ret;
+
+	ret = kthread_stop(kthread);
+
+	return ret;
+}
+
+/**
+ * __reset_stats - Reset statistics for the hardware latency detector
+ *
+ * We use data to store various statistics and global state. We call this
+ * function in order to reset those when "enable" is toggled on or off, and
+ * also at initialization. Should be called with data.lock held.
+ */
+static void __reset_stats(void)
+{
+	data.count = 0;
+	data.max_sample = 0;
+	ring_buffer_reset(ring_buffer); /* flush out old sample entries */
+}
+
+/**
+ * init_stats - Setup global state statistics for the hardware latency detector
+ *
+ * We use data to store various statistics and global state. We also use
+ * a global ring buffer (ring_buffer) to keep raw samples of detected hardware
+ * induced system latencies. This function initializes these structures and
+ * allocates the global ring buffer also.
+ */
+static int init_stats(void)
+{
+	int ret = -ENOMEM;
+
+	mutex_init(&data.lock);
+	init_waitqueue_head(&data.wq);
+	atomic_set(&data.sample_open, 0);
+
+	ring_buffer = ring_buffer_alloc(buf_size, BUF_FLAGS);
+
+	if (WARN(!ring_buffer, KERN_ERR BANNER
+			       "failed to allocate ring buffer!\n"))
+		goto out;
+
+	__reset_stats();
+	data.threshold = DEFAULT_LAT_THRESHOLD;	    /* threshold us */
+	data.sample_window = DEFAULT_SAMPLE_WINDOW; /* window us */
+	data.sample_width = DEFAULT_SAMPLE_WIDTH;   /* width us */
+
+	ret = 0;
+
+out:
+	return ret;
+
+}
+
+/*
+ * simple_data_read - Wrapper read function for global state debugfs entries
+ * @filp: The active open file structure for the debugfs "file"
+ * @ubuf: The userspace provided buffer to read value into
+ * @cnt: The maximum number of bytes to read
+ * @ppos: The current "file" position
+ * @entry: The entry to read from
+ *
+ * This function provides a generic read implementation for the global state
+ * "data" structure debugfs filesystem entries. It would be nice to use
+ * simple_attr_read directly, but we need to make sure that the data.lock
+ * spinlock is held during the actual read (even though we likely won't ever
+ * actually race here as the updater runs under a stop_machine context).
+ */
+static ssize_t simple_data_read(struct file *filp, char __user *ubuf,
+				size_t cnt, loff_t *ppos, const u64 *entry)
+{
+	char buf[U64STR_SIZE];
+	u64 val = 0;
+	int len = 0;
+
+	memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
+
+	if (!entry)
+		return -EFAULT;
+
+	mutex_lock(&data.lock);
+	val = *entry;
+	mutex_unlock(&data.lock);
+
+	len = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%llu\n", (unsigned long long)val);
+
+	return simple_read_from_buffer(ubuf, cnt, ppos, buf, len);
+
+}
+
+/*
+ * simple_data_write - Wrapper write function for global state debugfs entries
+ * @filp: The active open file structure for the debugfs "file"
+ * @ubuf: The userspace provided buffer to write value from
+ * @cnt: The maximum number of bytes to write
+ * @ppos: The current "file" position
+ * @entry: The entry to write to
+ *
+ * This function provides a generic write implementation for the global state
+ * "data" structure debugfs filesystem entries. It would be nice to use
+ * simple_attr_write directly, but we need to make sure that the data.lock
+ * spinlock is held during the actual write (even though we likely won't ever
+ * actually race here as the updater runs under a stop_machine context).
+ */
+static ssize_t simple_data_write(struct file *filp, const char __user *ubuf,
+				 size_t cnt, loff_t *ppos, u64 *entry)
+{
+	char buf[U64STR_SIZE];
+	int csize = min(cnt, sizeof(buf));
+	u64 val = 0;
+	int err = 0;
+
+	memset(buf, '\0', sizeof(buf));
+	if (copy_from_user(buf, ubuf, csize))
+		return -EFAULT;
+
+	buf[U64STR_SIZE-1] = '\0';			/* just in case */
+	err = strict_strtoull(buf, 10, &val);
+	if (err)
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	mutex_lock(&data.lock);
+	*entry = val;
+	mutex_unlock(&data.lock);
+
+	return csize;
+}
+
+/**
+ * debug_count_fopen - Open function for "count" debugfs entry
+ * @inode: The in-kernel inode representation of the debugfs "file"
+ * @filp: The active open file structure for the debugfs "file"
+ *
+ * This function provides an open implementation for the "count" debugfs
+ * interface to the hardware latency detector.
+ */
+static int debug_count_fopen(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * debug_count_fread - Read function for "count" debugfs entry
+ * @filp: The active open file structure for the debugfs "file"
+ * @ubuf: The userspace provided buffer to read value into
+ * @cnt: The maximum number of bytes to read
+ * @ppos: The current "file" position
+ *
+ * This function provides a read implementation for the "count" debugfs
+ * interface to the hardware latency detector. Can be used to read the
+ * number of latency readings exceeding the configured threshold since
+ * the detector was last reset (e.g. by writing a zero into "count").
+ */
+static ssize_t debug_count_fread(struct file *filp, char __user *ubuf,
+				     size_t cnt, loff_t *ppos)
+{
+	return simple_data_read(filp, ubuf, cnt, ppos, &data.count);
+}
+
+/**
+ * debug_count_fwrite - Write function for "count" debugfs entry
+ * @filp: The active open file structure for the debugfs "file"
+ * @ubuf: The user buffer that contains the value to write
+ * @cnt: The maximum number of bytes to write to "file"
+ * @ppos: The current position in the debugfs "file"
+ *
+ * This function provides a write implementation for the "count" debugfs
+ * interface to the hardware latency detector. Can be used to write a
+ * desired value, especially to zero the total count.
+ */
+static ssize_t  debug_count_fwrite(struct file *filp,
+				       const char __user *ubuf,
+				       size_t cnt,
+				       loff_t *ppos)
+{
+	return simple_data_write(filp, ubuf, cnt, ppos, &data.count);
+}
+
+/**
+ * debug_enable_fopen - Dummy open function for "enable" debugfs interface
+ * @inode: The in-kernel inode representation of the debugfs "file"
+ * @filp: The active open file structure for the debugfs "file"
+ *
+ * This function provides an open implementation for the "enable" debugfs
+ * interface to the hardware latency detector.
+ */
+static int debug_enable_fopen(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * debug_enable_fread - Read function for "enable" debugfs interface
+ * @filp: The active open file structure for the debugfs "file"
+ * @ubuf: The userspace provided buffer to read value into
+ * @cnt: The maximum number of bytes to read
+ * @ppos: The current "file" position
+ *
+ * This function provides a read implementation for the "enable" debugfs
+ * interface to the hardware latency detector. Can be used to determine
+ * whether the detector is currently enabled ("0\n" or "1\n" returned).
+ */
+static ssize_t debug_enable_fread(struct file *filp, char __user *ubuf,
+				      size_t cnt, loff_t *ppos)
+{
+	char buf[4];
+
+	if ((cnt < sizeof(buf)) || (*ppos))
+		return 0;
+
+	buf[0] = enabled ? '1' : '0';
+	buf[1] = '\n';
+	buf[2] = '\0';
+	if (copy_to_user(ubuf, buf, strlen(buf)))
+		return -EFAULT;
+	return *ppos = strlen(buf);
+}
+
+/**
+ * debug_enable_fwrite - Write function for "enable" debugfs interface
+ * @filp: The active open file structure for the debugfs "file"
+ * @ubuf: The user buffer that contains the value to write
+ * @cnt: The maximum number of bytes to write to "file"
+ * @ppos: The current position in the debugfs "file"
+ *
+ * This function provides a write implementation for the "enable" debugfs
+ * interface to the hardware latency detector. Can be used to enable or
+ * disable the detector, which will have the side-effect of possibly
+ * also resetting the global stats and kicking off the measuring
+ * kthread (on an enable) or the converse (upon a disable).
+ */
+static ssize_t  debug_enable_fwrite(struct file *filp,
+					const char __user *ubuf,
+					size_t cnt,
+					loff_t *ppos)
+{
+	char buf[4];
+	int csize = min(cnt, sizeof(buf));
+	long val = 0;
+	int err = 0;
+
+	memset(buf, '\0', sizeof(buf));
+	if (copy_from_user(buf, ubuf, csize))
+		return -EFAULT;
+
+	buf[sizeof(buf)-1] = '\0';			/* just in case */
+	err = strict_strtoul(buf, 10, &val);
+	if (0 != err)
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	if (val) {
+		if (enabled)
+			goto unlock;
+		enabled = 1;
+		__reset_stats();
+		if (start_kthread())
+			return -EFAULT;
+	} else {
+		if (!enabled)
+			goto unlock;
+		enabled = 0;
+		stop_kthread();
+		wake_up(&data.wq);		/* reader(s) should return */
+	}
+unlock:
+	return csize;
+}
+
+/**
+ * debug_max_fopen - Open function for "max" debugfs entry
+ * @inode: The in-kernel inode representation of the debugfs "file"
+ * @filp: The active open file structure for the debugfs "file"
+ *
+ * This function provides an open implementation for the "max" debugfs
+ * interface to the hardware latency detector.
+ */
+static int debug_max_fopen(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * debug_max_fread - Read function for "max" debugfs entry
+ * @filp: The active open file structure for the debugfs "file"
+ * @ubuf: The userspace provided buffer to read value into
+ * @cnt: The maximum number of bytes to read
+ * @ppos: The current "file" position
+ *
+ * This function provides a read implementation for the "max" debugfs
+ * interface to the hardware latency detector. Can be used to determine
+ * the maximum latency value observed since it was last reset.
+ */
+static ssize_t debug_max_fread(struct file *filp, char __user *ubuf,
+				   size_t cnt, loff_t *ppos)
+{
+	return simple_data_read(filp, ubuf, cnt, ppos, &data.max_sample);
+}
+
+/**
+ * debug_max_fwrite - Write function for "max" debugfs entry
+ * @filp: The active open file structure for the debugfs "file"
+ * @ubuf: The user buffer that contains the value to write
+ * @cnt: The maximum number of bytes to write to "file"
+ * @ppos: The current position in the debugfs "file"
+ *
+ * This function provides a write implementation for the "max" debugfs
+ * interface to the hardware latency detector. Can be used to reset the
+ * maximum or set it to some other desired value - if, then, subsequent
+ * measurements exceed this value, the maximum will be updated.
+ */
+static ssize_t  debug_max_fwrite(struct file *filp,
+				     const char __user *ubuf,
+				     size_t cnt,
+				     loff_t *ppos)
+{
+	return simple_data_write(filp, ubuf, cnt, ppos, &data.max_sample);
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * debug_sample_fopen - An open function for "sample" debugfs interface
+ * @inode: The in-kernel inode representation of this debugfs "file"
+ * @filp: The active open file structure for the debugfs "file"
+ *
+ * This function handles opening the "sample" file within the hardware
+ * latency detector debugfs directory interface. This file is used to read
+ * raw samples from the global ring_buffer and allows the user to see a
+ * running latency history. Can be opened blocking or non-blocking,
+ * affecting whether it behaves as a buffer read pipe, or does not.
+ * Implements simple locking to prevent multiple simultaneous use.
+ */
+static int debug_sample_fopen(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
+{
+	if (!atomic_add_unless(&data.sample_open, 1, 1))
+		return -EBUSY;
+	else
+		return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * debug_sample_fread - A read function for "sample" debugfs interface
+ * @filp: The active open file structure for the debugfs "file"
+ * @ubuf: The user buffer that will contain the samples read
+ * @cnt: The maximum bytes to read from the debugfs "file"
+ * @ppos: The current position in the debugfs "file"
+ *
+ * This function handles reading from the "sample" file within the hardware
+ * latency detector debugfs directory interface. This file is used to read
+ * raw samples from the global ring_buffer and allows the user to see a
+ * running latency history. By default this will block pending a new
+ * value written into the sample buffer, unless there are already a
+ * number of value(s) waiting in the buffer, or the sample file was
+ * previously opened in a non-blocking mode of operation.
+ */
+static ssize_t debug_sample_fread(struct file *filp, char __user *ubuf,
+					size_t cnt, loff_t *ppos)
+{
+	int len = 0;
+	char buf[64];
+	struct sample *sample = NULL;
+
+	if (!enabled)
+		return 0;
+
+	sample = kzalloc(sizeof(struct sample), GFP_KERNEL);
+	if (!sample)
+		return -ENOMEM;
+
+	while (!buffer_get_sample(sample)) {
+
+		DEFINE_WAIT(wait);
+
+		if (filp->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) {
+			len = -EAGAIN;
+			goto out;
+		}
+
+		prepare_to_wait(&data.wq, &wait, TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE);
+		schedule();
+		finish_wait(&data.wq, &wait);
+
+		if (signal_pending(current)) {
+			len = -EINTR;
+			goto out;
+		}
+
+		if (!enabled) {			/* enable was toggled */
+			len = 0;
+			goto out;
+		}
+	}
+
+	len = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%010lu.%010lu\t%llu\n",
+		      sample->timestamp.tv_sec,
+		      sample->timestamp.tv_nsec,
+		      sample->duration);
+
+
+	/* handling partial reads is more trouble than it's worth */
+	if (len > cnt)
+		goto out;
+
+	if (copy_to_user(ubuf, buf, len))
+		len = -EFAULT;
+
+out:
+	kfree(sample);
+	return len;
+}
+
+/**
+ * debug_sample_release - Release function for "sample" debugfs interface
+ * @inode: The in-kernel inode represenation of the debugfs "file"
+ * @filp: The active open file structure for the debugfs "file"
+ *
+ * This function completes the close of the debugfs interface "sample" file.
+ * Frees the sample_open "lock" so that other users may open the interface.
+ */
+static int debug_sample_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
+{
+	atomic_dec(&data.sample_open);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * debug_threshold_fopen - Open function for "threshold" debugfs entry
+ * @inode: The in-kernel inode representation of the debugfs "file"
+ * @filp: The active open file structure for the debugfs "file"
+ *
+ * This function provides an open implementation for the "threshold" debugfs
+ * interface to the hardware latency detector.
+ */
+static int debug_threshold_fopen(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * debug_threshold_fread - Read function for "threshold" debugfs entry
+ * @filp: The active open file structure for the debugfs "file"
+ * @ubuf: The userspace provided buffer to read value into
+ * @cnt: The maximum number of bytes to read
+ * @ppos: The current "file" position
+ *
+ * This function provides a read implementation for the "threshold" debugfs
+ * interface to the hardware latency detector. It can be used to determine
+ * the current threshold level at which a latency will be recorded in the
+ * global ring buffer, typically on the order of 10us.
+ */
+static ssize_t debug_threshold_fread(struct file *filp, char __user *ubuf,
+					 size_t cnt, loff_t *ppos)
+{
+	return simple_data_read(filp, ubuf, cnt, ppos, &data.threshold);
+}
+
+/**
+ * debug_threshold_fwrite - Write function for "threshold" debugfs entry
+ * @filp: The active open file structure for the debugfs "file"
+ * @ubuf: The user buffer that contains the value to write
+ * @cnt: The maximum number of bytes to write to "file"
+ * @ppos: The current position in the debugfs "file"
+ *
+ * This function provides a write implementation for the "threshold" debugfs
+ * interface to the hardware latency detector. It can be used to configure
+ * the threshold level at which any subsequently detected latencies will
+ * be recorded into the global ring buffer.
+ */
+static ssize_t  debug_threshold_fwrite(struct file *filp,
+					const char __user *ubuf,
+					size_t cnt,
+					loff_t *ppos)
+{
+	int ret;
+
+	ret = simple_data_write(filp, ubuf, cnt, ppos, &data.threshold);
+
+	if (enabled)
+		wake_up_process(kthread);
+
+	return ret;
+}
+
+/**
+ * debug_width_fopen - Open function for "width" debugfs entry
+ * @inode: The in-kernel inode representation of the debugfs "file"
+ * @filp: The active open file structure for the debugfs "file"
+ *
+ * This function provides an open implementation for the "width" debugfs
+ * interface to the hardware latency detector.
+ */
+static int debug_width_fopen(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * debug_width_fread - Read function for "width" debugfs entry
+ * @filp: The active open file structure for the debugfs "file"
+ * @ubuf: The userspace provided buffer to read value into
+ * @cnt: The maximum number of bytes to read
+ * @ppos: The current "file" position
+ *
+ * This function provides a read implementation for the "width" debugfs
+ * interface to the hardware latency detector. It can be used to determine
+ * for how many us of the total window us we will actively sample for any
+ * hardware-induced latecy periods. Obviously, it is not possible to
+ * sample constantly and have the system respond to a sample reader, or,
+ * worse, without having the system appear to have gone out to lunch.
+ */
+static ssize_t debug_width_fread(struct file *filp, char __user *ubuf,
+				     size_t cnt, loff_t *ppos)
+{
+	return simple_data_read(filp, ubuf, cnt, ppos, &data.sample_width);
+}
+
+/**
+ * debug_width_fwrite - Write function for "width" debugfs entry
+ * @filp: The active open file structure for the debugfs "file"
+ * @ubuf: The user buffer that contains the value to write
+ * @cnt: The maximum number of bytes to write to "file"
+ * @ppos: The current position in the debugfs "file"
+ *
+ * This function provides a write implementation for the "width" debugfs
+ * interface to the hardware latency detector. It can be used to configure
+ * for how many us of the total window us we will actively sample for any
+ * hardware-induced latency periods. Obviously, it is not possible to
+ * sample constantly and have the system respond to a sample reader, or,
+ * worse, without having the system appear to have gone out to lunch. It
+ * is enforced that width is less that the total window size.
+ */
+static ssize_t  debug_width_fwrite(struct file *filp,
+				       const char __user *ubuf,
+				       size_t cnt,
+				       loff_t *ppos)
+{
+	char buf[U64STR_SIZE];
+	int csize = min(cnt, sizeof(buf));
+	u64 val = 0;
+	int err = 0;
+
+	memset(buf, '\0', sizeof(buf));
+	if (copy_from_user(buf, ubuf, csize))
+		return -EFAULT;
+
+	buf[U64STR_SIZE-1] = '\0';			/* just in case */
+	err = strict_strtoull(buf, 10, &val);
+	if (0 != err)
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	mutex_lock(&data.lock);
+	if (val < data.sample_window)
+		data.sample_width = val;
+	else {
+		mutex_unlock(&data.lock);
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+	mutex_unlock(&data.lock);
+
+	if (enabled)
+		wake_up_process(kthread);
+
+	return csize;
+}
+
+/**
+ * debug_window_fopen - Open function for "window" debugfs entry
+ * @inode: The in-kernel inode representation of the debugfs "file"
+ * @filp: The active open file structure for the debugfs "file"
+ *
+ * This function provides an open implementation for the "window" debugfs
+ * interface to the hardware latency detector. The window is the total time
+ * in us that will be considered one sample period. Conceptually, windows
+ * occur back-to-back and contain a sample width period during which
+ * actual sampling occurs.
+ */
+static int debug_window_fopen(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * debug_window_fread - Read function for "window" debugfs entry
+ * @filp: The active open file structure for the debugfs "file"
+ * @ubuf: The userspace provided buffer to read value into
+ * @cnt: The maximum number of bytes to read
+ * @ppos: The current "file" position
+ *
+ * This function provides a read implementation for the "window" debugfs
+ * interface to the hardware latency detector. The window is the total time
+ * in us that will be considered one sample period. Conceptually, windows
+ * occur back-to-back and contain a sample width period during which
+ * actual sampling occurs. Can be used to read the total window size.
+ */
+static ssize_t debug_window_fread(struct file *filp, char __user *ubuf,
+				      size_t cnt, loff_t *ppos)
+{
+	return simple_data_read(filp, ubuf, cnt, ppos, &data.sample_window);
+}
+
+/**
+ * debug_window_fwrite - Write function for "window" debugfs entry
+ * @filp: The active open file structure for the debugfs "file"
+ * @ubuf: The user buffer that contains the value to write
+ * @cnt: The maximum number of bytes to write to "file"
+ * @ppos: The current position in the debugfs "file"
+ *
+ * This function provides a write implementation for the "window" debufds
+ * interface to the hardware latency detetector. The window is the total time
+ * in us that will be considered one sample period. Conceptually, windows
+ * occur back-to-back and contain a sample width period during which
+ * actual sampling occurs. Can be used to write a new total window size. It
+ * is enfoced that any value written must be greater than the sample width
+ * size, or an error results.
+ */
+static ssize_t  debug_window_fwrite(struct file *filp,
+					const char __user *ubuf,
+					size_t cnt,
+					loff_t *ppos)
+{
+	char buf[U64STR_SIZE];
+	int csize = min(cnt, sizeof(buf));
+	u64 val = 0;
+	int err = 0;
+
+	memset(buf, '\0', sizeof(buf));
+	if (copy_from_user(buf, ubuf, csize))
+		return -EFAULT;
+
+	buf[U64STR_SIZE-1] = '\0';			/* just in case */
+	err = strict_strtoull(buf, 10, &val);
+	if (0 != err)
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	mutex_lock(&data.lock);
+	if (data.sample_width < val)
+		data.sample_window = val;
+	else {
+		mutex_unlock(&data.lock);
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+	mutex_unlock(&data.lock);
+
+	return csize;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Function pointers for the "count" debugfs file operations
+ */
+static const struct file_operations count_fops = {
+	.open		= debug_count_fopen,
+	.read		= debug_count_fread,
+	.write		= debug_count_fwrite,
+	.owner		= THIS_MODULE,
+};
+
+/*
+ * Function pointers for the "enable" debugfs file operations
+ */
+static const struct file_operations enable_fops = {
+	.open		= debug_enable_fopen,
+	.read		= debug_enable_fread,
+	.write		= debug_enable_fwrite,
+	.owner		= THIS_MODULE,
+};
+
+/*
+ * Function pointers for the "max" debugfs file operations
+ */
+static const struct file_operations max_fops = {
+	.open		= debug_max_fopen,
+	.read		= debug_max_fread,
+	.write		= debug_max_fwrite,
+	.owner		= THIS_MODULE,
+};
+
+/*
+ * Function pointers for the "sample" debugfs file operations
+ */
+static const struct file_operations sample_fops = {
+	.open 		= debug_sample_fopen,
+	.read		= debug_sample_fread,
+	.release	= debug_sample_release,
+	.owner		= THIS_MODULE,
+};
+
+/*
+ * Function pointers for the "threshold" debugfs file operations
+ */
+static const struct file_operations threshold_fops = {
+	.open		= debug_threshold_fopen,
+	.read		= debug_threshold_fread,
+	.write		= debug_threshold_fwrite,
+	.owner		= THIS_MODULE,
+};
+
+/*
+ * Function pointers for the "width" debugfs file operations
+ */
+static const struct file_operations width_fops = {
+	.open		= debug_width_fopen,
+	.read		= debug_width_fread,
+	.write		= debug_width_fwrite,
+	.owner		= THIS_MODULE,
+};
+
+/*
+ * Function pointers for the "window" debugfs file operations
+ */
+static const struct file_operations window_fops = {
+	.open		= debug_window_fopen,
+	.read		= debug_window_fread,
+	.write		= debug_window_fwrite,
+	.owner		= THIS_MODULE,
+};
+
+/**
+ * init_debugfs - A function to initialize the debugfs interface files
+ *
+ * This function creates entries in debugfs for "hwlat_detector", including
+ * files to read values from the detector, current samples, and the
+ * maximum sample that has been captured since the hardware latency
+ * dectector was started.
+ */
+static int init_debugfs(void)
+{
+	int ret = -ENOMEM;
+
+	debug_dir = debugfs_create_dir(DRVNAME, NULL);
+	if (!debug_dir)
+		goto err_debug_dir;
+
+	debug_sample = debugfs_create_file("sample", 0444,
+					       debug_dir, NULL,
+					       &sample_fops);
+	if (!debug_sample)
+		goto err_sample;
+
+	debug_count = debugfs_create_file("count", 0444,
+					      debug_dir, NULL,
+					      &count_fops);
+	if (!debug_count)
+		goto err_count;
+
+	debug_max = debugfs_create_file("max", 0444,
+					    debug_dir, NULL,
+					    &max_fops);
+	if (!debug_max)
+		goto err_max;
+
+	debug_sample_window = debugfs_create_file("window", 0644,
+						      debug_dir, NULL,
+						      &window_fops);
+	if (!debug_sample_window)
+		goto err_window;
+
+	debug_sample_width = debugfs_create_file("width", 0644,
+						     debug_dir, NULL,
+						     &width_fops);
+	if (!debug_sample_width)
+		goto err_width;
+
+	debug_threshold = debugfs_create_file("threshold", 0644,
+						  debug_dir, NULL,
+						  &threshold_fops);
+	if (!debug_threshold)
+		goto err_threshold;
+
+	debug_enable = debugfs_create_file("enable", 0644,
+					       debug_dir, &enabled,
+					       &enable_fops);
+	if (!debug_enable)
+		goto err_enable;
+
+	else {
+		ret = 0;
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+err_enable:
+	debugfs_remove(debug_threshold);
+err_threshold:
+	debugfs_remove(debug_sample_width);
+err_width:
+	debugfs_remove(debug_sample_window);
+err_window:
+	debugfs_remove(debug_max);
+err_max:
+	debugfs_remove(debug_count);
+err_count:
+	debugfs_remove(debug_sample);
+err_sample:
+	debugfs_remove(debug_dir);
+err_debug_dir:
+out:
+	return ret;
+}
+
+/**
+ * free_debugfs - A function to cleanup the debugfs file interface
+ */
+static void free_debugfs(void)
+{
+	/* could also use a debugfs_remove_recursive */
+	debugfs_remove(debug_enable);
+	debugfs_remove(debug_threshold);
+	debugfs_remove(debug_sample_width);
+	debugfs_remove(debug_sample_window);
+	debugfs_remove(debug_max);
+	debugfs_remove(debug_count);
+	debugfs_remove(debug_sample);
+	debugfs_remove(debug_dir);
+}
+
+/**
+ * detector_init - Standard module initialization code
+ */
+static int detector_init(void)
+{
+	int ret = -ENOMEM;
+
+	printk(KERN_INFO BANNER "version %s\n", VERSION);
+
+	ret = init_stats();
+	if (0 != ret)
+		goto out;
+
+	ret = init_debugfs();
+	if (0 != ret)
+		goto err_stats;
+
+	if (enabled)
+		ret = start_kthread();
+
+	goto out;
+
+err_stats:
+	ring_buffer_free(ring_buffer);
+out:
+	return ret;
+
+}
+
+/**
+ * detector_exit - Standard module cleanup code
+ */
+static void detector_exit(void)
+{
+	if (enabled) {
+		enabled = 0;
+		stop_kthread();
+	}
+
+	free_debugfs();
+	ring_buffer_free(ring_buffer);	/* free up the ring buffer */
+
+}
+
+module_init(detector_init);
+module_exit(detector_exit);